# yabridge

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Yet Another way to use Windows VST plugins on Linux. Yabridge seamlessly
supports running both 64-bit Windows VST2 plugins as well as 32-bit Windows VST2
plugins in a 64-bit Linux VST host. This project aims to be as transparent as
possible to achieve the best possible plugin compatibility while also staying
easy to debug and maintain.

![yabridge screenshot](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/robbert-vdh/yabridge/master/screenshot.png)

## Tested with

Yabridge has been verified to work correctly in the following VST hosts using
Wine Staging 5.5 and 5.6:

- Bitwig Studio 3.1 and the beta releases of 3.2
- Carla 2.1
- Ardour 5.12
- REAPER 6.09

At the moment there is a regression in **Wine 5.7** that breaks application
startup behavior, so you'll have to temporarily downgrade to an earlier version
of Wine if you're got Wine 5.7 installed. Please let me know if there are any
issues with other VST hosts.

## Usage

You can either download a prebuilt version of yabridge through the GitHub
[releases](https://github.com/robbert-vdh/yabridge/releases) section, or you can
compile it from source using the instructions in the [build](#Building) section
below.

There are two ways to use yabridge. If you're using Bitwig Studio, then the
recommended installation method is to use symbolic links. The main advantage
here is that you will be able to update yabridge for all of your plugins in one
go, and it avoids having to install anything outside of your home directory.
Sadly, not all hosts support this behavior. The copy-based installation will
work for all hosts.

If you have downloaded the prebuilt version of yabridge or if have followed the
instructions from the [bitbridge](#32-bit-bitbridge) section below, then
yabridge is also able to load 32-bit VST plugins. The installation procedure for
32-bit plugins is exactly the same as for 64-bit plugins. Yabridge will detect
whether a plugin is 32-bit or 64-bit on startup and it will handle it
accordingly.

It's also possible to use yabridge with multiple Wine prefixes. Yabridge will
automatically detect and use the Wine prefix the plugin's `.dll` file is located
in. Alternatively you could set the `WINEPREFIX` environment variable to
override the Wine prefix for all instances of yabridge.

### Symlinking (recommended with Bitwig Studio)

This is the recommended way to use yabridge if you're using Bitwig Studio You
can either use the prebuilt binaries from the GitHub releases section, or you
can build yabridge directly from source. If you use the prebuilt binaries, then
you can simply extract them to `~/.local/share/yabridge` or to anywhere else in
your home directory. If you choose to build from source, then you can use the
compiled binaries directly from the `build/` directory. For the section below
I'm going to assume you've extracted the files to `~/.local/share/yabridge`.

To set up yabridge for a VST plugin called
`~/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins/plugin.dll`,
simply create a symlink from `~/.local/share/yabridge/libyabridge.so` to
`~/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins/plugin.so` like so:

```shell
ln -s ~/.local/share/yabridge/libyabridge.so "$HOME/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins/plugin.so"
```

As an example, if you wanted to set up yabridge for all VST plugins under
`~/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins`, you could run the
following script in Bash. This will skip any `.dll` files that are not actually
VST plugins.

```shell
yabridge_home=$HOME/.local/share/yabridge

find "$HOME/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins" -type f -iname '*.dll' -print0 |
  xargs -0 -P$(nproc) -I{} bash -c "(winedump -j export '{}' | grep -qE 'VSTPluginMain|main|main_plugin') && printf '{}\0'" |
  sed -z 's/\.dll$/.so/' |
  xargs -0 -n1 ln -sf "$yabridge_home/libyabridge.so"
```

### Copying

If your VST host does not have support for symlinked VST plugins, then you can
also install yabridge by creating copies of the `libyabridge.so` file instead of
using symlinks. For this you will have to make sure that all four of the
`yabridge-host*` files from the downloaded archive are somewhere in the search
path. The recommended way to do this is to download yabridge from the GitHub
[releases](https://github.com/robbert-vdh/yabridge/releases) section, extract
all the files to `~/.local/share/yabridge`, and then add that directory to your
`$PATH` environment variable. Alternatively there's an [AUR
package](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/yabridge/) available if you're
running Arch or Manjaro.

The installation process for a plugin is the same as the procedure described
above, but instead of creating a symlink from `libyabridge.so` to `plugin.so`,
you'll now have to create a copy. Using the same example, if you have extracted
yabridge's files to `~/.local/share/yabridge` and you want to set up yabridge
for a VST plugin called `~/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins/plugin.dll`, then you should copy
`~/.local/share/yabridge/libyabridge.so` to `~/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins/plugin.so` like so:

```shell
cp ~/.local/share/yabridge/libyabridge.so "$HOME/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins/plugin.so"
```

To install yabridge for all VST2 plugins under `~/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins` you could use the following script:

```shell
yabridge_home=$HOME/.local/share/yabridge

find "$HOME/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins" -type f -iname '*.dll' -print0 |
  xargs -0 -P$(nproc) -I{} bash -c "(winedump -j export '{}' | grep -qE 'VSTPluginMain|main|main_plugin') && printf '{}\0'" |
  sed -z 's/\.dll$/.so/' |
  xargs -0 -n1 cp "$yabridge_home/libyabridge.so"
```

### DAW setup

Finally, open your DAW's VST location configuration and tell it to look for
plugins under `~/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/Steinberg/VstPlugins`. That way it
will automatically pick up any of your Windows VST2 plugins.

## Runtime dependencies and known issues

Any VST2 plugin should function out of the box, although some plugins will need
some additional dependencies for their GUIs to work correctly. Notable examples
include:

- **Serum** requires you to disable `d2d1.dll` in `winecfg` and to install
  `gdiplus` through `winetricks`.

Aside from that, these are some known caveats:

- Plugins by **KiloHearts** have file descriptor leaks when esync is enabled,
  causing Wine and yabridge to eventually stop working after the system hits the
  open file limit. This sadly cannot be fixed in yabridge. Simply unset
  `WINEESYNC` while using yabridge if this is an issue.
- Most recent **iZotope** plugins don't have a functional GUI in a typical out
  of the box Wine setup because of missing dependencies. Please let me know if
  you know which dependencies are needed for these plugins to render correctly.
- Some plugins, such as **Fabfilter Pro-Q 3**, are able to communicate between
  different instances of the same plugin by relying on the fact that they're all
  loaded into the same process. Right now this is something that yabridge does
  not do as it would break any form of sandboxing, meaning that if one plugin
  were to crash, all other plugins would go down with it. If this is something
  you need for your workflow, please let me know.

There are also some VST2.X extension features that have not been implemented yet
because I haven't needed them myself. Let me know if you need any of these
features for a certain plugin or VST host:

- Double precision audio (`processDoubleReplacing`).
- Vendor specific extension (for instance, for
  [REAPER](https://www.reaper.fm/sdk/vst/vst_ext.php), though most of these
  extension functions will work out of the box without any modifications).

## Building

To compile yabridge, you'll need [Meson](https://mesonbuild.com/index.html) and
the following dependencies:

- gcc (tested using GCC 9.2)
- A Wine installation with `winegcc` and the development headers.
- Boost
- xcb

The following dependencies are included in the repository as a Meson wrap:

- bitsery

The project can then be compiled as follows:

```shell
meson setup --buildtype=release --cross-file cross-wine.conf build
ninja -C build
```

After you've finished building you can follow the instructions under the
[usage](#Usage) section on how to set up yabridge.

### 32-bit bitbridge

It is also possible to compile a host application for yabridge that's compatible
with 32-bit plugins such as old SynthEdit plugins. This will allow yabridge to
act as a bitbirdge, allowing you to run old 32-bit only Windows VST2 plugins in
a modern 64-bit Linux VST host. For this you'll need to have installed the 32
bit versions of the Boost and XCB libraries. This can then be set up as follows:

```shell
# Enable the bitbridge on an existing build
meson configure build -Duse-bitbridge=true
# Or configure a new build from scratch
meson setup --buildtype=release --cross-file cross-wine.conf -Duse-bitbridge=true build

ninja -C build
```

This will produce two files called `yabridge-host-32.exe` and
`yabridge-host-32.exe.so`. Yabridge will detect whether the plugin you're trying
to load is 32-bit or 64-bit, and will run either `yabridge-host.exe` or
`yabridge-host-32.exe` accordingly.

## Debugging

Wine's error messages and warning are usually very helpful whenever a plugin
doesn't work right away. Sadly this information is not always available. Bitwig,
for instance, hides a plugin's STDOUT and STDERR streams from you. To make it
easier to debug malfunctioning plugins, yabridge offers these two environment
variables:

- `YABRIDGE_DEBUG_FILE=<path>` allows you to write the Wine VST host's STDOUT
  and STDERR messages to a file. For instance, you could launch your DAW with
  `env YABRIDGE_DEBUG_FILE=/tmp/yabridge.log <daw>`, and then use `tail -F /tmp/yabridge.log`
  to keep track of that file. If this option is not present then yabridge will
  write all of its debug messages to STDERR instead.
- `YABRIDGE_DEBUG_LEVEL={0,1,2}` allows you to set the verbosity of the debug
  information. Each level increases the amount of debug information printed:

  - A value of `0` (the default) means that yabridge will only write messages
    from the Wine process and some basic information such about the plugin being
    loaded and the Wine prefix being used.
  - A value of `1` will log information about most events and function calls
    sent between the VST host and the plugin. This filters out some noisy events
    such as `effEditIdle()` and `audioMasterGetTime()` since those are sent tens
    of times per second by for every plugin.
  - A value of `2` will cause all of the events to be logged, including the
    events mentioned above. This is very verbose but it can be crucial for
    debugging plugin-specific problems.

  More detailed information about these debug levels can be found in
  `src/common/logging.h`.

Wine's own [logging facilities](https://wiki.winehq.org/Debug_Channels) can also
be very helpful when diagnosing problems. In particular the `+message` and
`+relay` channels are very useful to trace the execution path within loaded VST
plugin itself.

### Attaching a debugger

When needed, I found the easiest way to debug the plugin to be to load it in an
instance of Carla with gdb attached:

```shell
env YABRIDGE_DEBUG_FILE=/tmp/yabridge.log YABRIDGE_DEBUG_LEVEL=2 carla --gdb
```

Doing the same thing for the Wine VST host can be a bit tricky. You'll need to
launch winedbg in a seperate detached terminal emulator so it doesn't terminate
together with the plugin, and winedbg can be a bit picky about the arguments it
accepts. I've already set this up behind a feature flag for use in KDE Plasma.
Other desktop environments and window managers will require some slight
modifications in `src/plugin/plugin-bridge.cpp`. To enable this, simply run:

```shell
meson configure build --buildtype=debug -Duse-winedbg=true
```

## Architecture

The project consists of two components: a Linux native VST plugin
(`libyabridge.so`) and a VST host that runs under Wine
(`yabridge-host.exe`/`yabridge-host.exe.so`, and
`yabridge-host-32.exe`/`yabridge-host-32.exe.so` if the bitbirdge is enabled).
I'll refer to the copy of or the symlink to `libyabridge.so` as _the plugin_,
the native Linux VST host that's hosting the plugin as _the native VST host_,
the Wine VST host application that's hosting a Windows `.dll` file as _the Wine
VST host_, and the Windows VST plugin that's being loaded in the Wine VST host
as the _Windows VST plugin_. The whole process works as follows:

1. Some copy of or a symlink to `libyabridge.so` gets loaded as a VST plugin in
   a Linux VST host. This file should have been renamed to match a Windows VST
   plugin `.dll` file in the same directory. For instance, if there's a
   `Serum_x64.dll` file you'd like to bridge, then there should be a symlink to
   `libyabridge.so` named `Serum_x64.so`.
2. The plugin first attempts to locate and determine:

   - The Windows VST plugin `.dll` file that should be loaded.

   - The architecture of that VST plugin file. This is done by inspecting the
     headers if the `.dll` file.

   - The location of the Wine VST host. This will depend on the architecture
     detected for the plugin. If the plugin was compiled for the `x86_64`
     architecture or the 'Any CPU' target, then we will look for
     `yabridge-host.exe`. If the plugin was compiled for the `x86` architecture,
     when we'll search for `yabridge-host-32.exe`.

     We will first search for this file alongside the actual location of
     `libyabridge.so`. This is useful for development, as it allows you to use a
     symlink to `libyabridge.so` directly from the build directory causing
     yabridge to automatically pick up the right version of the Wine VST host.
     If this file cannot be found, then it will fall back to searching through
     the search path.

   - The Wine prefix the plugin is located in. If the `WINEPREFIX` environment
     variable is specified, then that will be used instead.

3. The plugin then sets up a Unix domain socket endpoint to communicate with the
   Wine VST host somewhere in a temporary directory and starts listening on it.
   I chose to communicate over Unix domain sockets rather than using shared
   memory directly because this way you get low latency communication with
   without any busy waits or manual synchronisation for free. The added benefit
   is that it also makes it possible to send arbitrarily large chunks of data
   without having to split it up first. This is useful for transmitting audio
   and preset data which may have any arbitrary size.
4. The plugin launches the Wine VST host in the detected wine prefix, passing
   the name of the `.dll` file it should be loading and the path to the Unix
   domain socket that was just created as its arguments.
5. Communication gets set up using multiple sockets over the end point created
   previously. This allows us to easily handle multiple data streams from
   different threads using blocking read operations for synchronization. Doing
   this greatly simplifies the way communication works without compromising on
   latency. The following types of events each get their own socket:

   - Calls from the native VST host to the plugin's `dispatcher()` function.
     These get forwarded to the Windows VST plugin through the Wine VST host.
   - Calls from the native VST host to the plugin's `dispatcher()` function with
     the `effProcessEvents` opcode. These also get forwarded to the Windows VST
     plugin through the Wine VST host. This has to be handled separately from
     all other events because of limitations of the Win32 API. Without doing
     this the plugin would not be able to receive any MIDI events while the GUI
     is being resized or a dropdown menu or message box is shown.
   - Host callback calls from the Windows VST plugin through the
     `audioMasterCallback` function. These get forwarded to the native VST host
     through the plugin.

     Both the `dispatcher()` and `audioMasterCallback()` functions are handled
     in the same way, with some minor variations on how payload data gets
     serialized depending on the opcode of the event being sent. See the section
     below this for more details on this procedure.

   - Calls from the native VST host to the plugin's `getParameter()` and
     `setParameter()` functions. Both functions get forwarded to the Windows VST
     plugin through the Wine VST host using a single socket because they're very
     similar and don't need any complicated behaviour.
   - Calls from the native VST host to the plugin's `processReplacing()`
     function. This function gets forwarded to the Windows VST plugin through
     the Wine VST. In the rare event that the plugin does not support
     `processReplacing()` and only supports The deprecated commutative
     `process()` function, then the Wine VST host will emulate the behavior of
     `processReplacing()` instead.
   - The Windows VST plugin's `AEffect` object. A copy of this is sent over a
     socket from the Wine VST hsot to the plugin after the Windows VST plugin
     has finished initializing. Whenever this struct gets updated by the Windows
     VST plugin, the Windows VST plugin will call the `audioMasterIOChanged()`
     host callback and we'll repeat the process.

   The operations described above involving the host -> plugin `dispatcher()`and
   plugin -> host `audioMaster()` functions are all handled by first serializing
   the function parameters and any payload data into a binary format so they can
   be sent over a socket. The objects used for encoding both the requests and
   the responses for theses events can be found in `src/common/serialization.h`,
   and the functions that actually read and write these objects over the sockets
   are located in `src/common/communication.h`. The actual binary serialization
   is handled using [bitsery](https://github.com/fraillt/bitsery).

   Actually sending and receiving the events happens in the `send_event()` and
   `receive_event()` functions. When calling either `dispatch()` or
   `audioMaster()`, the caller will oftentimes either pass along some kind of
   data structure through the void pointer function argument, or they expect the
   function's return value to be a pointer to some kind of struct provided by
   the plugin or host. The behaviour for reading from and writing into these
   void pointers and returning pointers to objects when needed is encapsulated
   in the `DispatchDataConverter` and `HostCallbackDataCovnerter` classes for
   the `dispatcher()` and `audioMaster()` functions respectively. For operations
   involving the plugin editor there is also some extra glue in
   `WineBridge::dispatch_wrapper`. On the receiving end of the function calls,
   the `passthrough_event()` function calls the callback functions and handles
   the marshalling between our data types created by the `*DataConverter`
   classes and the VST API's different pointer types. This behaviour is
   separated from `receive_event()` so we can handle MIDI events separately.
   This is needed because a select few plugins only store pointers to the
   received events rather than copies of the objects. Because of this, the
   received event data must live at least until the next audio buffer gets
   processed so it needs to be stored temporarily.

6. The Wine VST host loads the Windows VST plugin and starts forwarding messages
   over the sockets described above.
7. After the Windows VST plugin has started loading we will forward all values
   from the plugin's `AEffect` struct to the Linux native VST plugin using the
   socket described above. After this point the plugin will stop blocking and
   has finished loading.
